First, rocks would sink deep down into the interior. Then, they would rise back up again as magma. All thanks to the mechanism of plate tectonics.
Like a well-oiled machine, rocks transform from igneous, sedimentary to metamorphic types. This process where rocks are created, altered and formed again is the rock cycle.
If you look at the Earth’s crust, 80% is igneous, 15% is metamorphic and 5% is sedimentary rocks. But 75% of land surface contains sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks form by compaction and cementation
Sedimentary rocks like shale, limestone and sandstone form from pre-existing rocks. If you start with sand, mud or organic material, these sediment deposits get eroded and transported over time.
The two main processes that form sedimentary rocks are compaction and cementing. While compaction squeezes material together, cementing glues the squeezed material together.
For example, the Grand Canyon has sedimentary rock layers dating back to 2 billion years ago. They include sandstone, shale (or mudstone), and limestone all stacked on top of one another.
Igneous rocks are forged from volcanoes
Volcanoes are the foundation for igneous rocks. Like a bottle of champagne with a cork in it, liquid rock pools in the magma chamber.
Once you pull the cork, the volcano erupts from the mouth spewing lava. Like wax dripping down the side of a candle, igneous rocks like feldspars form.
So hot lava drips on the side of volcanoes then cools, hardens and become igneous rocks. For example, granite, andesite and obsidian are types of igneous rocks.
Metamorphic rocks build from heat and pressure
Metamorphic rocks change in form from pre-existing rocks. For example, a rock that was once made of sand is changed or “metamorphosed” into another type of rock from heat and pressure.
This intense pressure for metamorphic rocks comes from inside Earth.
Earth’s major mountain chains contain metamorphic rocks because it’s at plate tectonics boundaries where this intense pressure exists.
Rock cycle diagram
The diagram below shows where rocks form.
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