Hadean Eon: The Formation of Earth (4.6 to 4.0 billion years ago)
4,567,000,000 years ago, Earth was covered in molten lava. In the Hadean Eon, it was in its earliest stage of formation as it clumped from a cloud of dust.
Geology
Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing
Plants mostly use water and carbon dioxide from the air to grow. But nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) & potassium (K) are also key ingredients.
Mass Extinctions: The 5 Biggest Dying Events in History
Earth has witnessed 5 mass extinctions where life experienced an abrupt ending. Time and time again, nature has always found a way to reshuffle the deck.
5 Soil Formation Factors: How Rocks Weather into Dirt
Soil formation is vital for food production and plant growth. Weathering is the process that breaks rock down into soils. Without it, soil wouldn’t exist.
Human Timeline: How Long Have Humans Existed?
The earliest anatomically modern human fossil found was dated at about 200-300,000 years old in Morocco, Africa. They had modern faces and used stone tools.
Biological Weathering: How Living Things Break Down Rocks
Biological weathering can occur from mechanical force and chemical reactions such as through plants, bacteria, fungi, burrowing animals and living organisms
The History of Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere
In Earth’s atmosphere history, oxygen levels have changed significantly. This includes hydrogen, helium, carbon dioxide and nitrogen composition in the air.
Is Vaalbara Earth’s First Supercontinent?
The evidence that Vaalbara (2.7-3.6 billion years ago) was the first supercontinent is mainly based on their sedimentary sequences and magnetic orientation.
Banded Iron Formation (BIF): How These Rocks Got Their Stripes
Long ago, oxygen filled the oceans. It mixed with iron which reacted by rusting. The seafloor collected rusted iron called banded iron formation (BIF).
Great Oxygenation Event: How Oxygen Filled the Atmosphere
Over 4 billion years ago, Earth’s atmosphere was mostly methane & nitrogen. The Great Oxygenation Event marks a time when free oxygen filled the atmosphere.
Pangea Fossils: Evidence of the Pangaea Supercontinent
At one point in time, all continents were merged together as one supercontinent “Pangea”. We’ve used fossil evidence to know continental drift exists.
Pacific Ring of Fire: Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
The Pacific Ring of Fire has the most active chains of volcanoes in the world. This is because tectonic plates collide and sink at these zones of subduction.
Divergent Plate Tectonics: Boundaries that Pull Apart
Beneath the oceans, lava erupts every day from mid-oceanic ridges. These divergent plate boundaries pull apart from each other creating new igneous rock.
North American Plate: Tectonic Boundary Map and Movements
The North American plate extends all the way over the North pole to Siberia. It also includes Greenland, Cuba, the Bahamas and part of the Atlantic Ocean.
How Was the Grand Canyon Formed?
Like a stack of pancakes, younger rock layers pile on top of older layers. We use the law of superposition to reveal Earth’s age and Grand Canyon geology.